The number of cancer survivors worldwide has grown substantially to more than 16 million individuals in the USA. More than 65% of adults diagnosed with cancer live for at least 5 years after diagnosis, and a growing number of individuals live longer than that. Although more individuals are cured from cancer or are living longer with cancer, evidence has been emerging that cancer survivors are at an increased risk of and death from cardiovascular disease. Some anticancer therapies, such as anthracyclines, trastuzumab, and chest radiation, have been known for decades to increase cardiovascular risk. Several new treatments, such as immunotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-oestrogen therapies, are known to cause endothelial dysfunction and result in hypertension and an increase in cardiovascular events. Additionally, increasing evidence exists of an overlap in the risk factors between the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and many individuals diagnosed with cancer have underlying cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, advancing age, tobacco use, and diabetes, before ever starting anticancer therapies

The Lancet

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